S1 and S2 are the normal heart sounds you hear when the heart valves close. Heart murmurs are extra sounds that can be heard during systole, diastole, or as a continuous sound. S3 and S4 are abnormal ...

There is a link between atypical heart sounds and atrial fibrillation. People with this condition have an irregular, disorganized heartbeat. Atrial fibrillation is a serious type of arrhythmia, which ...

Non-invasive diagnostic modalities are integral to cardiovascular care; however, current systems primarily measure peripheral pressure, limiting the breadth of cardiovascular prognostication. We ...

Although the esophageal stethoscope is used for continuous auscultation during general anesthesia, few studies have investigated phonocardiographic data as a continuous hemodynamic index. In this ...