Type of FGC by year of cutting. Source: Authors’ calculations on original data from Somalia. Sample includes women aged 17-82 at the time of interview and their daughters aged 12 or older, if cut.

Dubbed the world’s “oldest planned surgical procedure” by 20th century anthropologist Sir Grafton Elliot Smith, circumcision’s roots can be traced to religious and cultural traditions dating back ...

Without social pressure, most people give little thought to male circumcision. This simple surgical procedure removes the foreskin, a hood of skin covering the head of the resting (flaccid) penis. But ...